3D Sensor Placement and Embedded Processing for People Detection in an Industrial Environment
Doctoral thesis
Published version
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https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3096172Utgivelsesdato
2023Metadata
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Originalversjon
Dybedal, J. (2023). 3D Sensor Placement and Embedded Processing for People Detection in an Industrial Environment [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Agder.Sammendrag
At a time when autonomy is being introduced in more and more areas, computer vision plays a very important role. In an industrial environment, the ability to create a real-time virtual version of a volume of interest provides a broad range of possibilities, including safety-related systems such as vision based anti-collision and personnel tracking. In an offshore environment, where such systems are not common, the task is challenging due to rough weather and environmental conditions, but the result of introducing such safety systems could potentially be lifesaving, as personnel work close to heavy, huge, and often poorly instrumented moving machinery and equipment. This thesis presents research on important topics related to enabling computer vision systems in industrial and offshore environments, including a review of the most important technologies and methods. A prototype 3D sensor package is developed, consisting of different sensors and a powerful embedded computer. This, together with a novel, highly scalable point cloud compression and sensor fusion scheme allows to create a real-time 3D map of an industrial area. The question of where to place the sensor packages in an environment where occlusions are present is also investigated. The result is algorithms for automatic sensor placement optimisation, where the goal is to place sensors in such a way that maximises the volume of interest that is covered, with as few occluded zones as possible. The method also includes redundancy constraints where important sub-volumes can be defined to be viewed by more than one sensor. Lastly, a people detection scheme using a merged point cloud from six different sensor packages as input is developed. Using a combination of point cloud clustering, flattening and convolutional neural networks, the system successfully detects multiple people in an outdoor industrial environment, providing real-time 3D positions. The sensor packages and methods are tested and verified at the Industrial Robotics Lab at the University of Agder, and the people detection method is also tested in a relevant outdoor, industrial testing facility. The experiments and results are presented in the papers attached to this thesis.
Beskrivelse
Papers I, II and III are extracted from the dissertation and uploaded as separate documents to meet post-publication requirements for self-arciving of IEEE conference papers.
Består av
Paper I: Dybedal, J. & Hovland, G. (2017). Optimal placement of 3D sensors considering range and field of view. IEEE International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics (AIM), 2017, 1588–1593. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/AIM.2017.8014245. Accepted manuscript. Full-text not available in AURA as a separate file.Paper II: Dybedal, J. & Hovland, G. (2020). GPU-Based Optimisation of 3D Sensor Placement Considering Redundancy, Range and Field of View. 15th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), 2020, 1484-1489. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIEA48937.2020.9248170. Accepted manuscript. Full-text not available in AURA as a separate file.
Paper III: Dybedal, J. & Hovland, G. (2020). GPU-Based Occlusion Minimisation for Optimal Placement of Multiple 3D Cameras. 15th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), 2020, 967-972. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIEA48937.2020.9248399. Accepted manuscript. Full-text not available in AURA as a separate file.
Paper IV: Dybedal, J., Aalerud, A. & Hovland, G. (2019). Embedded Processing and Compression of 3D Sensor Data for Large Scale Industrial Environments. Sensors, 19(3), 1-20. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/s19030636. Accepted version. Full-text is available in AURA as a separate file: https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2648520.
Paper V: Dybedal, J. & Hovland, G. (2021). CNN-based People Detection in Voxel Space using Intensity Measurements and Point Cluster Flattening. MIC Journal: Modeling, Identification and Control, 42(2), 37-46. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4173/mic.2021.2.1. Accepted version. Full-text is not available in AURA as a separate file.